Hyperthyroidism: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces excess thyroid hormones, causing metabolic rate to increase significantly. This accelerates nearly all body functions, including heart rate, digestion, and heat production. The condition can range from mild to severe and may cause serious cardiac complications if untreated.

Graves' disease is the most common cause, accounting for approximately 70-80% of hyperthyroidism cases.

Main causes include:

• Graves' disease (autoimmune)
• Thyroiditis (inflammation)
• Toxic nodules
• Excessive iodine intake
• Thyroid hormone medication overuse

Risk factors include female gender, family history, stress, and infection.

Symptoms develop gradually and include:

• Rapid or irregular heartbeat
• Tremors (especially in hands)
• Anxiety and irritability
• Heat intolerance and excessive sweating
• Weight loss despite good appetite
• Weakness and fatigue
• Frequent bowel movements
• Eye problems (in Graves' disease)

Diagnosis involves:

• TSH measurement (low in hyperthyroidism)
• Free T4 and T3 levels (elevated)
• Thyroid antibodies (TSI and TPO)
• Thyroid uptake scan
• Ultrasound

Treatment options include:

• Antithyroid medications (PTU, methimazole)
• Beta-blockers for symptom relief
• Radioactive iodine therapy
• Thyroid surgery
• Iodine solution (Lugol's or SSKI)

Choice depends on age, pregnancy status, severity, and cause.

While Graves' disease cannot be prevented, stress reduction may help manage symptoms. Avoiding iodine excess and careful medication dosing prevent iatrogenic hyperthyroidism.

Seek care for palpitations, severe tremors, or chest pain. Regular monitoring during treatment is essential. Immediate care is needed for signs of thyroid storm.