Lower Back Pain: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Lower back pain refers to discomfort in the lumbar region of the spine, the area between the rib cage and pelvis. It is one of the most common health conditions affecting humanity, with up to 80% of adults experiencing it at some point. Most cases are acute and resolve within weeks, though some progress to chronic pain.

The lumbar spine carries significant body weight and is highly mobile, making it vulnerable to injury and degeneration.

Common causes include:

• Muscle strain from lifting or overuse
• Herniated or bulging disc
• Degenerative disc disease
• Facet joint arthritis
• Spinal stenosis
• Spondylolisthesis
• Osteoporosis

Risk factors include age, poor posture, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and obesity.

Symptoms vary depending on the cause and severity:

• Dull or sharp pain in lower back
• Stiffness limiting range of motion
• Pain radiating to buttocks or legs (radiculopathy)
• Numbness or tingling
• Weakness in legs
• Difficulty walking or prolonged sitting

Diagnosis typically involves:

• Patient history and physical examination
• Neurological testing
• Imaging only if red flag symptoms present (fracture, infection, cancer)

Evidence-based treatment includes:

• Continued normal activity and early mobilization
• Heat or ice therapy
• Over-the-counter NSAIDs
• Physical therapy and exercise
• Manual therapy (massage, manipulation)
• Epidural steroid injections for severe radiculopathy
• Surgery only for severe, persistent cases

Prevention strategies include:

• Proper lifting technique
• Core strengthening exercises
• Maintaining good posture
• Regular physical activity
• Weight management
• Ergonomic workspace setup

See your doctor if pain persists beyond 6 weeks, worsens despite treatment, or is accompanied by leg weakness or numbness. Consider physical therapy or specialist consultation for persistent symptoms.